Arrhythmias

What are the Symptoms ?

Any indications or symptoms may not accompany arrhythmias. Your doctor may find that you have arrhythmia during a routine examination before you do. However, noticeable indications and symptoms do not always indicate a severe issue

Noticeable Arrhythmia symptoms may include :

• A fluttering in your chest is one of the most noticeable Arrhythmia symptoms.
• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
• A quick pulse (bradycardia)
• Chest discomfort
• Breathing difficulties

Other signs and symptoms may include :

• Anxiety
• Fatigue
• Feeling lightheaded or dizzy
• Sweating
• Syncope (fainting) or near-fainting

Are all Arrhythmias serious?

Not all tachycardias or bradycardias mean you have heart disease. For example, during exercise it’s normal to develop a fast heartbeat as the heart speeds up to provide your tissues with more oxygen-rich blood. During sleep or times of deep relaxation, it’s not unusual for the heartbeat to be slower.

What are the types of Arrhythmias?

Arrhythmias are classified based on the speed(slow vs fast), regularity(regular vs irregular), origin(upper chamber-atria vs lower chamber-ventricle of the heart)

• Tachycardia : This refers to a fast heartbeat — a resting heart rate greater than 100 beats a minute.
• Bradycardia : This refers to a slow heartbeat — a resting heart rate less than 60 beats a minute.

Tachycardias in the atria -the upper chambers of the heart

Tachycardias originating in the atria include:

• Atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a rapid heart rate caused by chaotic electrical impulses in the atria. These signals result in rapid, uncoordinated, weak contractions of the atria.
  The chaotic electrical signals bombard the AV node, usually resulting in an irregular, rapid rhythm of the ventricles. Atrial fibrillation may be temporary, but some episodes won’t end unless treated.
  Atrial fibrillation is associated with serious complications such as stroke.
• Atrial flutter. Atrial flutter is similar to atrial fibrillation. The heartbeats in atrial flutter are more-organized and more-rhythmic electrical impulses than in atrial fibrillation. Atrial flutter may also lead to serious complications such as stroke.
• Supraventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia is a broad term that includes many forms of arrhythmia originating above the ventricles (supraventricular) in the atria or AV node. These types of arrhythmia seem to cause sudden episodes of palpitations that begin and end abruptly.
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, a type of supraventricular tachycardia, there is an extra electrical pathway between the atria and the ventricles, which is present at birth. However, you may not experience symptoms until you’re an adult. This pathway may allow electrical signals to pass between the atria and the ventricles without passing through the AV node, leading to short circuits and rapid heartbeats.

Tachycardias in the ventricles – the lower chambers of the heart

Tachycardias occurring in the ventricles include:

• • Ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia is a rapid, regular heart rate that originates with abnormal electrical signals in the ventricles. The rapid heart rate doesn’t allow the ventricles to fill and contract efficiently to pump enough blood to the body. Ventricular tachycardia may not cause serious problems if you have an otherwise healthy heart, but it can be a medical emergency that requires prompt medical treatment if you have heart disease or a weak heart.
  • Ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation occurs when rapid, chaotic electrical impulses cause the ventricles to quiver ineffectively instead of pumping necessary blood to the body. This serious problem is fatal if the heart isn’t restored to a normal rhythm within minutes.

Most people who experience ventricular fibrillation have an underlying heart disease or have experienced serious trauma.

• Long QT syndrome. Long QT syndrome is a heart disorder that carries an increased risk of fast, chaotic heartbeats. The rapid heartbeats, caused by changes in the electrical system of your heart, may lead to fainting, and can be life-threatening. In some cases, your heart’s rhythm may be so erratic that it can cause sudden death.
  You can be born with a genetic mutation that puts you at risk of long QT syndrome. In addition, several medications may cause long QT syndrome. Some medical conditions, such as congenital heart defects, may also cause long QT syndrome.

Bradycardia — A slow heartbeat

Although a heart rate below 60 beats a minute while at rest is considered bradycardia, a low resting heart rate doesn’t always signal a problem. If you’re physically fit, you may have an efficient heart capable of pumping an adequate supply of blood with fewer than 60 beats a minute at rest.

In addition, certain medications used to treat other conditions, such as high blood pressure, may lower your heart rate. However, if you have a slow heart rate and your heart isn’t pumping enough blood, you may have one of several bradycardias, including:

• Sick sinus syndrome.If your sinus node, which is responsible for setting the pace of your heart, isn’t sending impulses properly, your heart rate may alternate between too slow (bradycardia) and too fast (tachycardia). Sick sinus syndrome can also be caused by scarring near the sinus node that’s slowing, disrupting or blocking the travel of impulses. Sick sinus syndrome is most common among older adults.
• Conduction block. A block of your heart’s electrical pathways can occur in or near the AV node, which lies on the pathway between your atria and your ventricles. A block can also occur along other pathways to each ventricle.
  Depending on the location and type of block, the impulses between the upper and lower halves of your heart may be slowed or blocked. If the signal is completely blocked, certain cells in the AV node or ventricles can make a steady, although usually slower, heartbeat.
  Some blocks may cause no signs or symptoms, and others may cause skipped beats or bradycardia.

Premature heartbeats

Although it often feels like a skipped heartbeat, a premature heartbeat is actually an extra beat. Even though you may feel an occasional premature beat, it seldom means you have a more serious problem. Still, a premature beat can trigger a longer lasting arrhythmia — especially in people with heart disease. Frequent premature beats that last for several years may lead to a weak heart.

Premature heartbeats may occur when you’re resting or may sometimes be caused by stress, strenuous exercise or stimulants, such as caffeine or nicotine.

What are the Complications

Certain arrhythmias may increase your risk of developing conditions such as:

• Stroke. Heart Arrhythmias are associated with an increased risk of blood clots. If a clot breaks loose, it can travel from your heart to your brain. There it might block blood flow, causing a stroke. If you have a heart arrhythmia, your risk of stroke is increased if you have an existing heart disease or are 65 or older.
  Certain medications, such as blood thinners, can greatly lower your risk of stroke or damage to other organs caused by blood clots. Your doctor will determine if a blood-thinning medication is appropriate for you, depending on your type of arrhythmia and your risk of blood clots.
• Heart failure. Heart failure can result if your heart is pumping ineffectively for a prolonged period due to a bradycardia or tachycardia, such as atrial fibrillation. Sometimes controlling the rate of an arrhythmia that’s causing heart failure can improve your heart’s function.

How to Prevent?

To prevent heart arrhythmia, it’s important to live a heart-healthy lifestyle to reduce your risk of heart disease. A heart-healthy lifestyle may include:

• Eating a heart-healthy diet
• Staying physically active and keeping a healthy weight
• Avoiding smoking
• Limiting or avoiding caffeine and alcohol
• Reducing stress, as intense stress and anger can cause heart rhythm problems
• Using over-the-counter medications with caution, as some cold and cough medications contain stimulants that may trigger a rapid heartbeat

What are the tests performed to detect Arrhythmias?

With the help of prompt diagnosis one can get rid of the disorder. Following mentioned tests are useful in detecting

ECG : It is a recording of electrical impulses which can give an idea about the problem particularly if taken during the time of symptoms

Holter monitors : These are small external devices attached on chest which can record ECG upto 72 hrs

Extended loop recorder : These are small external devices can record ECG upto 28days

Internal loop recorder : These are small pendrive like devices which are inserted with a small incision on the skin of the chest done on opd basis and can record ECG upto 1year

Event recorder : Records ECG during the time of event once activated

Treadmill testing : also known as stress test or exercise test makes the patient run and walk on a treadmill or make them ride the stationery bicycle to come to conclusions regarding exercise related arrhythmias.

Echocardiogram (ECHO) : it is a non-invasive test done through sending high frequency sound waves from the chest to get the outline of the heart. It is done by applying a gel on the chest with a help of the probe and then a transducer is used to pass across the chest to get the desired view. It is a harmless method and is not painful.

What is the treatment?

• Treatment depends upon the type of arrhythmias.
• Most can be treated with medicines alone.
• Few high heart rate and extra beat problems will require radiofrequency ablation which is a minimally invasive procedure done under local anaesthesia
• Life threatening high heart rate problems may need shock giving device called as AICD
• Dangerously low heart rate may need pacemaker

When to see a doctor?

Whenever you experience any of the symptoms described above , you should see a doctor.